被動(dòng)式節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)案例 | X.?住宅，馬德里
佇立在El Viso受保護(hù)的統(tǒng)一性城市環(huán)境之中的這棟半獨(dú)立式單戶家庭住宅，按照以下四個(gè)概念進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)：
-將新建的單戶家庭住宅融入其環(huán)境之中，同時(shí)保留現(xiàn)有建筑帶有的兩個(gè)飄窗，通過對(duì)體量及開口大小的深入研究，努力使新建筑及其擴(kuò)建部分與相鄰建筑構(gòu)成和諧的整體。
-突顯圍繞建筑室內(nèi)的外部自然綠地，盡量減小首層的擴(kuò)建面積，通過大面積開窗和不同錯(cuò)層之間形成的連續(xù)露臺(tái)，將室外空間引入到住宅每一層空間中。
-在不產(chǎn)生單調(diào)交通區(qū)域的情況下優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)空間，塑造開放空間。
-主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)策略相結(jié)合，優(yōu)化新建筑內(nèi)部能源性能。其措施包括在屋頂上增加水系統(tǒng)（利用水的熱惰性）和在住宅中安裝地?zé)峋?/span>
The construction of a semi-detached single-family home in the consolidated, protected urban environment of the El Viso area is resolved based on four concepts:
– Integrating the new single-family townhouse into its setting, while respecting the volume features of the two bays in the existing building and striving to blend the new building with its extension in with the neighbouring buildings through a thorough study of its volume and the scale of its openings.
– Accentuating the natural green space outside over the built interior area. Minimising the ground floor extension and incorporating the outdoor spaces into the home on each floor by means of large windows and the successive terraces the building produces through the staggering of its storeys.
– Optimisation of the resulting space, without generating drab circulation areas, enabling the design of open spaces.
– The incorporation of passive and active design strategies to optimise the new building’s energy performance. This includes incorporating water on the roof to exploit its thermal inertia and the installation of geothermal wells in the home.
▼住宅核心空間概覽，overview of the interior space
在空間上，一個(gè)懸掛著的輕盈結(jié)構(gòu)如同樹一樣“霸占”了住宅的中心，它既是這個(gè)三層空間的特色之處又是垂直交通空間，作為室內(nèi)環(huán)境的支柱，將空間、功能、環(huán)境緊密統(tǒng)籌起來，優(yōu)化了住宅內(nèi)部空間。
Spatially, a lightweight suspended structure colonises the central space in the home like a tree, characterising the large three-storey space that resolves the house’s vertical communication, acting as a true backbone to the setting, binding spatial, functional and environmental aspects, optimising the interior space in the home.
▼一個(gè)懸掛著的輕盈結(jié)構(gòu)如同一棵樹一樣“霸占”了住宅的中心，a lightweight suspended structure colonises the central space in the home like a tree
▼懸掛著的結(jié)構(gòu)既是這個(gè)三層空間的特色之處又是住宅內(nèi)部的垂直交通空間，the suspend structure characterizes the large three-storey space that resolves the house’s vertical communication
三層空間中心頂部兩個(gè)通風(fēng)天窗形成Venturi effect（文丘里效應(yīng)），灌溉系統(tǒng)帶來的清新氣息與花園中的潮濕空氣通過大面積窗戶滲透到通透明亮的室內(nèi)空間，讓風(fēng)吹過懸掛著的水吊燈，這種策略能夠在氣候炎熱的幾個(gè)月中自然地消散熱量和降低室內(nèi)溫度。空間和精心挑選的材料過濾、儲(chǔ)存并重新分配場(chǎng)地內(nèi)的能量，塑造室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境與室外生物環(huán)境。在房屋結(jié)構(gòu)中加入地?zé)崮芎褪褂么罅勘粍?dòng)式設(shè)計(jì)策略，保證自然通風(fēng)和材料熱惰性有助于調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)的溫度，優(yōu)化住宅內(nèi)部全年的能源性能。
The freshness of the irrigation and moisture from the garden are exploited by introducing them into the diaphanous interior space of the home through the large windows, using the Venturi effect generated by the three-storey central space ventilated at the top by two skylights, that allows the wind to flow through the designed water hanging lamps to dissipate the heat and cool the house naturally in the hot months. The space and the selected materials filter the natural energy present in the site, stores it and redistributes it to provide a thermal indoor ambient and a biological outdoor environment.Inclusion of geothermal energy and the implementation of numerous passive strategies in the very structure of the home to make use of natural ventilation and the thermal inertia of the materials themselves contribute to moderating the temperatures in the interior space and optimising the house’s energy performance throughout the year.
▼住宅氣候控制體系圖解，diagram of house climatic scheme
住宅內(nèi)部的其它空間圍繞著中心空間組團(tuán)布局。使用者在開放空間中僅需借助家具布置就可以形成適宜而個(gè)性化的空間，避免產(chǎn)生單調(diào)的交通區(qū)域。設(shè)計(jì)首先考慮室內(nèi)采光和交叉通風(fēng)，利用工業(yè)用途相關(guān)的飾面材料統(tǒng)一室內(nèi)外環(huán)境，如連續(xù)壓實(shí)的水泥木屑地面，裸露的混凝土板、鋼、玻璃。這些空間包裹著具有光滑表面的材料、寬大的木制邊框窗戶，在形成框景的同時(shí)塑造各種家庭角落，角落中使用未經(jīng)處理天然木材的家具為室內(nèi)布局提供溫暖感，與裸露、簡(jiǎn)潔的空間設(shè)計(jì)形成對(duì)比。
The rest of the spaces that make up the house’s domestic layout are grouped around this central space. Open spaces that the user can adapt and personalise by merely arranging the furniture, avoiding the generation of drab circulation areas. The design prioritises natural lighting and cross-ventilation of the rooms, applying finishes associated with industrial use that unify the interior and exterior environments, such as the continuous compacted cement and wood chip board flooring, exposed concrete slabs, steel and glass. These spaces are covered with some freedom in materials with smooth finishes, with expansive wood-trimmed windows, framing views and creating a variety of domestic nooks that incorporate pieces of furniture with unvarnished natural wood finishes contributing the necessary warmth to the domestic layout as a counterpoint to the bare, clean spatial nature of the design.
▼采用工業(yè)材料統(tǒng)一室內(nèi)外環(huán)境，finishes associated with industrial use are applied to unify the interior and exterior environments
▼使用天然木材家具的各種家庭角落，為室內(nèi)布局提供溫暖感，a variety of domestic nooks that incorporate pieces of furniture with unvarnished natural wood finishes contribute the necessary warmth to the domestic layout
▼洗手間，bathroom
▼夜晚室內(nèi)景象，interior view at night
▼平面圖，plan
來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)
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